Ms Power Point
This is an implement tool of ms office. This
tool is specially designed for creating presentations a presentation is created
to explain certain subjects. In power point we have to design various slides to
create a presentation a slide is an electronic sheet to which we can apply
sounds, animations and effects.
How to start Ms Power Point:-
Click on Start button à All Programs à Ms office à Ms Power point.
Click Ms Power point icon on the Desktop.
Click on Start button à Run à Type “POWER PNT” à OK.
Creating a Presentation:-
There are three types in Power point.
1)
Blank
Presentation.
2)
Designed
Templates.
3)
Auto Content
Wizard.
1) Blank Presentation:
There are completely blank slides. Here you
have to choose and apply background
colors. Word art, effects, sounds and animations as per this need.
Each slide contains instructions on it. You have to follow these
instructions while arranging context and picture on it.
Inserting a New Slide:-
After designing a slide, press ALT+I insert à New Slide à Enter
Now you will get new slide dialog box. From this box select the required
slide and click. Now you will get a new slide added to your presentation.
In
this way you can add any number of slides to a presentation.
1) Designing a slide to use Word
art:-
In order to design
these objects use the various available on Drawing Tool Bar like:
Fill color
Line color
Text color
Shadow color
3D- Style
2) Design a slide:-
Designing Fonts:-
à Select the font which you want to design and
then select à click on Formatà Font
Now you will get a dialog box.
3) Designing of back ground
designing:-
à Select the slide from the slide display
window to which you want to apply the back ground.
à Click on Format à Background à Enter
Now you will get a background dialog box.
à Now click on background drop down list and
select the required color and the color combination.
à Click on Apply buttonà to apply that
combination to that slide only or click on Apply All buttonà to all to
apply that combination to all slides.
Custom Animation:
This option allows the
user to provide animation sound and effects to the various objects on the
slide.
Steps: àClick on Slide
Show (Alt+D) à Custom Animation à then you will get a dialog box.
In the above dialog box you àClick on Add EffectàEntrance or
Emphasis or Exit or motion paths à choose any effect orà Go to More
effects à Choose any one as you like à Click on OK button.
You See on Modify button on the right side of the page.
àGo to Start button pointà Choose any
one like, with previous, after previous or On click mouse.
à Go to spokesà there are no of spokesà Choose any
one spoke.
à Go to Speed button point àClick as you
like: Very slow, Slow, Medium, Fast, Very Fast à then Click on Play button on the bottom of
the right side page. Then click on Slide Show (F5).
Slide Transaction:-
This animation is applicable for the slide termination.
Click on the slide on slide display window to which you want to apply
the slide transaction animations and then click on this option.
à In this dialog box set the animation speed by
clicking on slow, medium, fast option buttonsà then click on animation drop-down list to set
the animation.
à You click on Apply to selected slides on the
right side page à choose any one then click.
à After clicking animation you click on advance
slide à Remove Mouse click selection and Click on automatically check button
and then by clicking on time scroll list set the animation timing.
Timing & Sound Effects:-
This option is used to
give sound effects and animations to the slides.
After gave the animations to the slidesàYou have to select the slidesàClick on group
drop down point on the right side pageàTimingàClick on repeat drop pointàChoose any one
ex: ‘Until end of slide’àClick on OK button.
Select the slidesàClick on group drop pointàEffect OptionsàClick sound
drop pointàChoose any one ex: ‘Applause’àClick on OK button.
Slide Presentation:-
à Goto Slide
Show à Click on View Show (F5).
Or
à Goto View à Click on
Slide Show (F5).
2) Designed Templates:
There are pre-designed presentations. Here you
have to choose the design as per the need and you can apply the same design to
all the slides of the presentations. The designed templates are used to apply
auto designed style to a presentation.
àGoto File àNew àDesigned Templates.
Now select the required design àThen Click and follow all the procedure of
slide designing.
Presentation:
These are the
pre-designed presentation for a particular purpose. These presentations contain
instructions on each slide. You have to follow these instructions to design an
effective presentation.
3) Auto
Content Wizard:
These are prepared presentations. Here you
have to choose as per the need and purpose. After selecting required
presentations you can modify it as per your requirement.
This is a procedure to create a pre-designed
presentation. When you click on this feature from new option you get a dialog
boxà click on Next, you will get category of presentation. From those select
the required category andà click on Next. Now specify the information
used by the computer byà clicking on Next. After providing the entire informationà click on
finish to get the presentation on the screen. As per instructions given on the
presentation specify the information, you will get a full pledged pre-designed
presentation.
Menu Bar
FILE (ALT+F):
Web Page Preview: - This option is used to save a presentation
like a web page in Internet explorer and to operate it as web page. After using
this option open it by using internet Explorer to view the effect.
Package to CD: - this option is used to shift the (data)
active presentation from one disk or computer to another disk or computer.
EDIT (ALT+E):
Duplicate: - This option is used to create a duplicate of
the selected slide presentation window.
Delete slides: - This option is used to delete the selected
slide from the slide presentation window.
VIEW (ALT+V):
Slide sorter: - This option is used to view all the slides in
a presentation in one screen.
Notes Page: - This option will provide a note to each slide
of presentation in which we can write some description about that slide.
Slide Show: - This option is used to present the shoe of a
presentation.
Color/gray scale: - This option is used to view a color
presentation in black and white mode and click it again to make it colorful.
INSERT (ALT+I):
Duplicate slide: - This option is used to insert duplicate slide
of the active slide.
Slide Number/Date: - These options are used to insert slide number
and date & time at the bottom of the slide.
Slide from files: - This option is used on add slides from other
presentation to the active presentation àclick on insert all àClose.
Slide from outlines: - This option is used to add slides from website
to the active of current presentation.
FORMAT (ALT+O):
Alignment: - This option is used to align he contents in a
text box provided on slide for designing.
Line spacing: - This option is used to adjust the space
between selected lines.
à Select the text first which you want to
option you will get a dialog box à you can set space between the lines and space
before of after a paragraph.
Replace fonts: - This option is used to change the font style
of the selected font.
Slide layout: - This option is used to change the structure
of an active slide.
à Click on this option àselect the
required slide àclick OK to apply that style to the active slide.
TOOLS (ALT+T):
Online Collaboration:- This option is used to collaborate the active
presentation with a website we can present the presentation at any location.
Meeting masters:- This option is used to maintain complete
description about a particular presentation i.e. description about the
presentation details about person going to present location date and time of
presentation discussion against to the presentation etc.
à Click on this option you will get a dialog
box where you can type meeting minutes at directà click on action items to maintain description
about the presentation.
In this feature we can also use schedule
command button to type description about the presentation.
SLIDE SHOW (F5):
Slide Presentation:-
à Goto Slide Show à Click on View
Show.
Or
à Goto View à Click on Slide Show (F5).
Custom Animation:
This option allows the
user to provide animation sound and effects to the various objects on the
slide.
Steps: àClick on Slide Show (Alt+D) à Custom
Animation à then you will get a dialog box.
In the above dialog box you àClick on Add EffectàEntrance or
Emphasis or Exit or motion paths à choose any effect orà Go to More
effects à Choose any one as you like à Click on OK button.
You See on Modify button on the right side of the page.
àGo to Start button pointà Choose any
one like, with previous, after previous or On click mouse.
à Go to spokesà there are no of spokesà Choose any one
spoke.
à Go to Speed button point àClick as you
like: Very slow, Slow, Medium, Fast, Very Fast à then Click on Play button on the bottom of
the right side page. Then click on Slide Show (F5).
Slide Transaction:-
This animation is
applicable for the slide termination.
Click on the slide on slide display window to
which you want to apply the slide transaction animations and then click on this
option.
à In this dialog box set the animation speed by
clicking on slow, medium, fast option buttonsà then click on animation drop-down list to set
the animation.
à You click on Apply to selected slides on the
right side page à choose any one then click.
à After clicking animation you click on advance
slide à Remove Mouse click selection and Click on automatically check button
and then by clicking on time scroll list set the animation timing.
WINDOW (ALT+W):
New Window:- This option is used to create a new slide on
the screen. Go to WindowàClick on new window.
Arrange All:- This option is used to it arranges all slides
one by one on the screen.
Cascade:- This option is used to it will do slide in
small. If you want to big it you click on maximize button.
MS Acess
Ms Access is a relational database management system (RDBMS) used to
store a large amount of data. The data can be divided, viewed, sorted,
manipulated, received and printed in various ways access has features (such as
ure4ries and reports) that make it more attractive and useful. To help
beginners access has built in helpers for some of the more complex task, such
as creating reports and defining control on a input form. These helpers are
called wizards and they save a lot of time and effort. Ms Access provides a
graphical user interface that makes it very easy to define and manipulate
database. It is important to understand some access terminology before getting
start with now to use it. A database is a collection of tables, queries, forms,
reports, and data access pages.
Tables: A table is a set of information about a
particular subjects. For Ex: A table could have information on all the
departments of a company. A table had records in it each related to the
subjects of a table. For Ex: A record could have information about an employee
PF a company. Each record is made up of fields, which contains specific
information about the record represent.
For Ex: Each record in the table is content
information about an employee of a company would have feels for the things like
employee numbers, first name, last name, address etc.
Fields: Fields are the columns of the table
containing one type of information.
Record: Record is a row in a table, a collection of
fields relating to one person, place or a thing of occupying in a single row of
a table.
Primary Key: Primary key is a fields that
unique for each record.
How to start with Ms-Access:
àClick Start
button àAll Programmes àMs-Office àClick Ms-Access.
Create Tables:- A table can be created using three methods.
1) Create table by using wizard
2) Create table by designed view.
3) Create table by entering data.
Create table by using wizard:- The table wizard helps you to create a new
table. To create a table by using table wizard follow the steps given below.
In the database window click the tables tabàclick the new
button on the database window tool bar. The new table dialog box appears àselect the
table wizard option and click on OK button àClick business or personal which use the
database type àclick on the tables the list of sample tables, click on the sample piece
and then on more buttons we select the fields, the selected fields appear on
the right side list box. You can remove a field by selecting it form the list
and clicking on the remove buttonàclick on the next buttonàEnter the name
for the table let “Technosoft”àset the primary key for the table or select
the primary key by selecting the tools option àClick on Next buttonàEnter the
primary key yourself àClick Next button à Click on Finish button.
Creating table in Designed view:
Click on tables button on the left side àclick on create table in design view àDesign. Enter
field name in first column àmove to the 2nd column by pressing
tab or enter àSelect the down arrow to see the drop down menu. Save the database by
pressing CTRL+W.
Create table by Entering data:
Select the table tabàclick on new buttonàthe new table
dialog box appears àselect the data sheet view àclick on OK buttonàa new table
appearsàdouble click on field name and type the new nameàclick on save
optionàenter the table nameàclick on save.
Designing Tables:
A table is divided into number
of rows and columns. It is a column. Table is organized into colunns are called
fields and rows are called records. 2 or more tables have common field, which
are used to make realations between the tables. It is deciding the fields name,
type of fields and their properties, while designing a table the following
issue are needed.
1) Field
Name:- It is the identity of
the field. It describes the data that is going to be stored in the field. Ex:
Marks, names etc. A field can be some times divided into 2 fields for easy
handling. For Ex: first name and last name.
2)
Data type:-
Text: Text type contains text or combinations
of text and number such as address and number, they don’t require calculations.
Other Ex: Ph no, postal code etc.
Memo: Lengthening text and numbers such as
notes or description can be upto 64,000 characters.
Numbers: The numeric data to be used for
mathematic calculations except calculations involving money (use currency
type).
Date/Time: Stores date and time.
Auto Number: Random numbers which is
automatically inserted when a record is added. (Increasing by 1)
Yes/No: Fields that will contain only one of 2
values such as yes/no, true/false, on/off.
OLE objects: Objects such as ms word, ms
access, websites, pictures, sounds or other data created in other programmers
can be saved up to 1 G.B
Hyperlink: It means to link 2 or more files.
Lookup wizard: Creates a field that allows you
to choose a value of another table or a list of values using a combo box.
Primary key: Decide and identify the key of
field which will be unique for each record.
Design
Query: A query is a filter
through which data is evaluated.
Create
a Query:-
Click on queries tab from the shortcut bar à click on new àselect query
in designed view optionàclick on table from table categoryàclick on Add button to add the table in the
queryàclick on tool buttonàchoose update from query menuàgive the
formula àclick on update tool columnàclick on build icon from formatting tool barà double click
on table àclick once on the tabulation you wantàchoose the function that you want from the
function baràclick OK button to continueàclick on close button to close the queryàclick on yes
button to save this queryàgive the name of queryàclick on OK
button.
Design
Forms: Forms are used to
simplify data entry or to display information in a specific manner.
Create
a Form:
Click on forms tab on shortcut bar à click on new
buttonà click drop down pointàchoose the table or query where the object
data comes fromà click OK buttonàsmall dialog box will appears on right sideàdrag one by
oneàsave the data by clicking CTRL+Wàclick on open button to show the data.
Design
Reports:
A
report summarizes data. Reports are used to present data in a meaningful and
attractive manner.
1) Designed View: Begins with a blank page,
you let out the reports the way you want using the designed tools in the box.
2) Report Wizard: Choice of fields sort
criteria and report layout views creates tabular or a columnar report.
Create
Report: It is also same as
Forms. After designing the report you click on Preview button on the left side.
Pages: A page in access is created to connect the
database objects into a website or internet.
Create
a Page:
Click on pages à New à select the required page ànow design the
page as per your requirements àthen press Ctrl+W to save.
Design
Macros:
A
macro in access is used to store a series of action to be performed
automatically in a sequence. For Ex: Opening a table, creating a form,
producing a report for that form etc.
Create
a Macro:
Click on Macro button àthen New
button ànow you will get macro dialog boxàclick on action text buttonàselect the
required action àAfter creating all the actions press Ctrl+W àgive a name to
save that macro.
How
to run a Macro:
Click on Macro button àselect the
macro àclick on Run button.
Groups: It is collection of tables, forms, queries
and reports.
Creating
a Group:
Right click on group button àclick on new
group and type a nameàright click on the required tables, form or report etc and add to the
group.
MICROSOFT WINDOWS
Microsoft Windows is very popular GUI package developed by Microsoft Corporation.
The GUI stands for Graphic User Interface. Windows is very popular environment
supporting most of the softwares. Windows helps the user to separate different
applications packages. In windows everything will be appear on its desktop. Microsoft
windows consist of the following objects. The user can operate different
applications by using these objects.
Desktop: The visible screen is called the desktop. It
consist different applications has to choose the required element for this
operation.
The desktop consists
following elements.
ICONS: The small symbols on the desktop are called icons. An icon may
represent any software, program, package, etc.
The following icons
on the desktop.
1) My Documents: It is a
source in which we can able to store files, folders, presentations, etc.
2) My Computer: This icon
consists the details of memory partition of the hard disk. It will also
show the space to each drive of hard
disk, floppy of A-drive. The information about it
v
Drives
v
Printers
v
Internet
v
Networking
1)
Recycle Bin: This bin holds all the deleted files and folders from the hard disk.
User can restore those files to original location. He can also delete
permanently those files and folders from hard disk.
2)
Internet Explorer: It is a software through which we can able to
execute world wide web (WWW). It is also used to design web pages on websites
by using HTML, JAVA etc for operating through internet.
3)
Task Bar: This is a horizontal bar on the end of the desktop or bottom of the
desktop. It contains start button, icons, time, etc.
4)
Start Button: Double click on start button, then you will
get menu, from this button, you have to select the required function. It
consists the menu like shutdown, help, search, find, program, etc.
MENU BAR: The menu bar is displayed by selecting any icon on the desktop he can
operate the required software.
Dialog Box: If you choose any option form any menu we get a dialog box relation to
that option This box can able to perform the option. A dialog box generally
consists the following components.
Title Bar: It indicates the title of the dialog box.
Menu Bar: a dialog box may contains some menus for doing some other operation.
List Box: This box specifies a list of operations you can set the dialog box. It
is called as dropdown list box.
Text box: This box is used to specify the user requirement on the dialog box for
doing the operation.
Control Menu: This menu appears on the title bar with three
option buttons i.e. minimize, maximize, close.
Folder: A folder is a location which we can set on windows to store files,
documents, applications etc.
àRight click on Desktopàyou will get a short-cut menuàChoose NewàClick on
folders. Now the folder will be created on its respective location.
Windows keyboards shortcuts overview:
Use shortcut keys as an slternative
to the mouse when working in windows. You can open, close and navigate the star
menu, desktop, menus,dialog boxes using the keyboard shortcuts. Click a heading
or press the Tab and then press Enter.
General Keyboard Shortcuts:
|
Press
Ctrl+C
Ctrl+X
Ctrl+V
Ctrl+Z
Delete
Shift+Del
Ctrl
when dragging an item
Ctrl+Shift
F2
Ctrl+Right
arrow
Ctrl+Left
arrow
Ctrl+Down
arrow
Ctrl+Up
arrow
Ctrl+Shift
with any arrow keys
Shift
with any arrow keys
Ctrl+A
F3
Alt+Enter
Alt+F4
Alt+Spacebar
Ctrl+F4
Alt+Tab
Alt+Esc
F6
F4
Shift+F10
Ctrl+Esc
F10
F5
Backspace
Esc
Dialog box Keyboard shortcuts:
|
Press
Ctrl+Tab
Ctrl+Shift+Tab
Tab
Shift+Tab
Enter
Spacebar
Arrow
keys
F1
F4
Natural Keyboard Shortcuts:
Press
Window
key
Window
key+Break
Win+D
Win+M
Win+Shift+M
Win+E
Win+F
Ctrl+Win+F
Win+F1
Win+R
Win+U
Accessibility Keyboard Shortcuts:
Press
Right
Shift for eight seconds
Left
Alt+Left Shift+Print Screen
Left
Alt+Left Shift+Num Lock
Shift
Five times
Num
Lock for five
Windows Explorer Keyboard Shortcuts:
Press
End
Home
Num
lock+Asterisk on numeric Keypad(*)
Num
lock+Plus sign on numeric Keypad(+)
Num
lock+Minus signon numeric Keypad(-)
Left
Arrow
Right
Arrow
Note:- Some keyboard shortcuts may not work if Sticky keys is turned on
in accessibility options.
Windows Explorer or My Computer:
Windows explores is a tool bar browsing disk to see what is available.
It gives complete information about drives, files, forders, programs and the
softwares available in the disk. It supports the following operations:
Ø
Copying
of files
Ø
Deleting
files
Ø
Renaming
files
Ø
Creating
folders and sub-folders
Ø
Searching
for files
Ø
Moving
folders
Ø
Folders
in the desired order
Ø
Changing
files
Ø
Running
programs and opening text documents
Starting windows explorer:
Click on Start buttonàClick on My computer or àWindow key+E.
Moving or copying selected
items:
Select an item and click àthen hold the mouse button move that item to
the required directory drive.
Select multiple items to move or copy or deleteàhold the shift
button and press arrow key for the serial selection of files and folders.
By holding Ctrl Key, click on required item which you want to select.
Undoing a move or copy: A move or copy operation can be undo by
clicking on edit under copy or move.
Renaming files and folders: Right click on folder and select rename or
file name.
Explorer Standard tool bar: It consists following buttons.
1)
Back: To come out form any location in any directory.
2)
Forward: To enter into the same location from where we came out. It can be done
immediately after coming out.
3)
Up: It is also works like a back but
it bring out you into the windows explorer or my computer.
4)
Address Tool Bar: This tool bar specifies the location of the
folders of files you are operating. It is also used to open any location of the
hard disk. Click on drop down buttons and choose the required location.
5)
Search: This option is used to search any files or folders.
Click on this buttonàClick all files and folders on left sideàgive filenameàclick on
search button.
Start Menu: This menu contains following options.
1)
Shut down/Turn off:- This button is used to turn off computer.
Click on this buttonàA dialog box will appear with these optionsàClick on Turn
off.
2)
Run:- This option is used to run any program. Click on Start buttonàRun commandàtype any name
ex:“Winword”àClick OK.
3)
Help: This option helps the user to know more about windows. Click on this
optionàyou will get a dialog boxàfor searching type any nameàclick on
search button.
4)
Search:- This is an important option consists the start menu. This option allows
user to find nay documents, files, folders, programs or softwares from any
location of the hard disk.
Click on this buttonàClick all files and folders on left sideàgive filenameàclick on
search button.
5)
Control Panel:- This option is used to software components
operating through windows. Click on this optionàwe get a dialog box with following features.
a)
Accessibility:- This feature is used to active any hardware
component added to the motherboard.
b)
Add new hardware:- This feature is used to add a new hardware
component that may b mouse, keyboard, monitor, speakers etc.
c)
Add and Remove Program:- This feature is used to add or remove any
software component to the hard disk.
Click on this option àClick on add of install any new software or
choose any software from list and click on remove button to remove the
softwares from hard disk.
d)
Date and Time:- This option is used to set the date and time
as per the required location . Here user can has to set the month, year, date
and time àThen click on Applyàclick OK to set the time or date.
e)
Display properties:- This feature is used to set the display
settings of the window. Here we can set wallpapers, screensaver, icons, color
resolutions etc.
Click on this optionàyou will get a dialog box with following
features
i)
Desktop: It is used to set the wallpapers from the background list oràclick on
browse button to select wallpapers from any location.
By clicking on position drop down button we can set the wallpaper in 3
ways i.e. Tile, Centre, Stretchàafter setting the wallpaper click on ApplyàOK.
Click on Customize desktopàselect the required icon(command button) from
the listàclick on change icon to set the required icon àif you want to
restore the original icons then click on restore default button.
ii)
Screen saver: This feature is used to turn off the active
program into sleep mode, when the program is unused for some period. Here we
have follow 3 options.
Settings: This command button is used to set the director,
color, speed of screen saver animations.
Preview: It is used to view the preview of active
screen saver. Set the time after the screen saver to be activate.
Password: This button is used to set the password of reactive the screen
saver. After setting screen saveràClick on apply àOK.
iii)
Appearance:- This feature is used to set the appearance of almost all windows in
MS-Windows environment.
Click on windows and buttons drop down buttonàchoose any oneàclick on
colour scheme àchoose any one àafter setting required appearance àclick on ApplyàOK.
iv)
Settings:- This feature is used to set colour combination for operating graphics
in windows setting of colours depends on monitor.
a)
Fonts:- This feature of control panel is used to add or remove the font styles
to the windows.
b)
Games controller:- This feature of control panel to add the
devices like joystick, keyboard, roller ball etc for playing computer games.
c)
Internet Options:- This tool of control panel is used to connect
with the internet.
d)
Keyboard:- This tool of control panel is used to set the keyboard activities. Here
we can set language by the keyboard.
e)
Mouse:- This tool is used to set mouse activity. Her we can set left and right
button speed of cursor while moving on the screen.
f)
Network connections:- This tool is used to set the networking like
LAN & WAN for operate number of computers at a time.
g)
Power Options:- This feature is used to set the power
properties for the monitor or for the hard disk.
h)
Printer and Faxes:- This option is used to add printer to the
computer. Click on this optionàthen click on add printer on left sideàclick Nextàgive the
company name and printer modelàclick on Nextàclick Finish button.
i)
Sounds and Audio devices:- This feature is used to activate or
deactivate sounds or audio properties in windows.
j)
System:- The system will give complete information about hard disk, RAM and
other hardware components to the computer.
k)
User Accounts:- This option in control panel the user can use
in 3 types: i) àChange an account ii)àCreate a new account iii)àChange the way
users log on or off.
1)
Accessories:- Accessories is the sub option of All Programs
in Start menu. This option consists a lot of
tools in windows.
2)
Calculator:- This tool of windows is used to calculate the numbers by using the normal and scientific calculator
features.
Creating Shortcuts (icons):- Click on required program or files or folders
of which you want to create shortcut icon on the desktopàthen Right click on mouse buttonàsend toàclick Desktop (shortcut
Ms Dos (Microsoft Disk Operating
System)
Operating System:- A
main program in the computer which control the hardware & software. It is a
platform for setting up various softwares.
Ms Dos is also called
CUI Package (Command Uses Interface). Ms Dos is just like a backbone of the
computer.
It contains 3
important executives files.
Ø
IO-sys: For input/output system operations
Ø
Ms Dos-sys: In the absence of this files computer will not start.
Ø
Command.com: In the absence of this files we can’t executes any dos commands.
How to Start Ms Dos:
Click Start buttonàAll ProgramsàAccessoriesàClick on
Command Prompt.
Or
Click Start buttonàClick Run
commandàType “CMD”àEnter.
Directors and Sub-directors:
|
A
|
B
|
C
|
D
|
E
|
F
|
|
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|
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|
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|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
AàRoot Directory
|
1
|
2
|
|
3
|
4
|
à Sub-directory
Dos use two types of
commands
1)
Internal
Commands
2)
External
Commands
Internal Commands
1)
MD (Make
Directory): This command is used to create a directory
Syntax: MD<name>
Ex: C:\> MD Technosoft
2)
CD
(Change Directory): This command is used to open or enter a directory.
Syntax: CD<name>
Ex: C:\>CD Technosoft
C:\Technosoft>
3)
CD.. :- This command is
used to close a directory or come out of a directory.
Syntax: CD..
Ex: C:\Technosoft>CD..
C:\>
4)
DIR (Disk
Information Report): This command is used to display complete information like
directories, files etc from a disk.
Syntax: DIR or TREE
Ex: C:\>DIR or TREE
5)
CLS: To
clear the screen.
Syntax: CLS
Ex: C:\>CLS
Ex:
C:\>MD A
C:\>CD A
C:\A>MD X
C:\A>MD Y
C:\A>MD Z
C:\A>CD..
C:\>
If you want to see
this.
C:\>CD A
C:\A>DIR
6)
RD
(Remove Directory): To remove a directory or sub-directory.
Note: The directory must be empty.
Syntax: RD<name>
C:\>CD A
C:\A>RD X
C:\A>RD Y
C:\A>RD Z
C:\A>CD..
C:\>RD A
C:\>
7)
Date: To
change the system date. Format: MM/DD/YYYY
8)
Time: To
change the system time. Format: HH:MM:SS
9)
Copycon:
This command is used to create a file
Syntax: Copycon<File Name>
Ex: Copycon Technosoft
Technosoft solutions institute is the best institute in Jk Pur.
Branch: I.O. Bank, Near Venkateswara
Temple Main Road , Jk Pur.
For saveàCTRL+Z or F6.
10) Type: To view the file.
Syntax: Type<file name>
Ex: Type Technosoft.txt
11) Ren (Rename): To change the name of a file.
Syntax: Ren<old name> <new name>
Ex: Ren Technosoft Srinu
12) Del
Syntax: Del <file
name>3
Ex: Del <Technosoft>
13) Copy: To create a duplicate file.
Syntax: Copy<Source file> <Target file>
Ex: Copy Srinu Nagu
14) Directory Commands:
DIR/P : Display the
information page wise.
DIR/ON : Display in ascending
order (a-z) by name.
DIR/O-N : Display in descending
order (z-a) by name.
DIR/AD : Display only directories.
DIR/A-D : Display only files.
DIR/OD : Display in ascending
order by date.
DIR/O-D : Display in descending
order by date.
DIR/W : Display column wise.
DIR/L : Display lowercase.
15) Prompt Commands:
Prompt $P : C:\
Prompt $G :
>
Prompt $P$G : C:\>
Prompt $D :
Date
Prompt $T : Time
Prompt $<Name> : Name
16) Echo off: It hides the prompt
17) Echo on: It shows the prompt
18) Ver (Version): It displays the currently
loaded operating system.
19) Path: It displays the location where the date
is being operated.
External Commands
Attrib: This command is used to change the attribute of a file i.e. Read
only hidden files.
Syntax: Attrib +R<file name> àto make readonly.
:Attrib –R<file name> àto cancel the
readonly.
:Attrib +H<file name> àto hide a
file.
:Attrib –H<file name> àto show the
file.
FC (File Compare): This command is used to compare two files and
displays no differences if the contents of both the files are some otherwise of
displays both contents.
Syntax: FC<file 1> <file 2>
EDIT: This command is used to a dos edit window
with the following memo options.
Syntax: C:\>EDITàEnter
File (Alt+F):
New: To create a new file
Open: To open an existing file.
Save: To store a file.
Save As: to create a duplicate file.
Close: To close the active file.
Print: To print the active file.
Exit: To close editor window.
Edit (Alt+E):
Cut: To cut the selected text.
Copy: To copy the selected text.
Paste: To paste, the cut or copied text.
Clear: To delete the selected text.
Search (Alt+S):
Find: To search or find a text.
àMove the cursor to topàthen select
the textàclick on find option.
![Text Box: Find Find What:[∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙]
[ ] Match Whole Word Only [ ] Match Case
< OK > < Cancel >](file:///C:/Users/CHARAN/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.gif)
Now type text which
you want to findàClick on OK.
Repeat last find
(F3): To repeat the find action.
Replace: This option
is used to change a text with a new text.
àMove the cursor to topàthen select the textàclick on
replace option.
![Text Box: Replace
Find: [-----------------------]
Replace with: [----------------------]
<Replace> <Replace All> <Cancel>](file:///C:/Users/CHARAN/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif)
Now type text which
you want to find in find box àthen type new text in replace with boxàclick Replace
or Replace all.
View (Alt+V):
Resize window: To
adjust the size of window by using arrow key.
Close window: To
close the divide of window
Options (Alt+O):
Settings: This is
used for tab keys settings and pointer settings.
Colors: To change the
color of various items of edit window.
Help (Alt+H):
Commands: There are a
no of short cut keys.
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