MICROSOFT EXCEL
It is an important tool of M.S – Office package. This tool is designed
for executing various Arithmetic operations. This software is also known as
spreadsheet operation. This here user has to operate spreadsheets for doing
various calculations.
This tool has the advanced features like
interlinking of sheets and workbook for executing multiple arithmetic functions
at a time. Besides these it also supports following features.
àStudent mark
list
àEmployee’s
salary list
àGoal seek
àScenarios
àMultiple sheet
designing
àConditional
formatting
àSales chart
àMacros
àData base
management
àSub total
àArithmetic and
logical Functions
àCharacter
functions
àData filtering
àPivot tables
àAuditing
Spreadsheet:
Spreadsheet is an
electronic sheet. it able to execute various formulas for operating the
numerical data. A spreadsheet is a combination of rows and columns. It consists
256 columns and 65,536 rows. In a spreadsheet each column consists an
alphabetic heading.
A, B, C, D etc., and each row consists a
numeric heading 1, 2, 3, etc.
Cell:The point where the column and row interacts
with each other is called cell. Each cell has its own address. The cell address
is the combination of corresponding column heading & row heading.
Workbook:When we start excel on default it will provide
a book along with 3 spread sheets this book is called workbook. In a work book
we can execute 3 to 29 worksheets at a time. Giving a password also locks
workbook.
Fill
Handle:A small
rectangular box on the right most end of a cell is called fill handle. It is
used fill the contents in that cell in required number of cells.
How
to start Excel:
àClick on start
buttonàall programsàMS Officeà click on MS Excel
àDouble click
on Excel icon the desk top
àClick on start
buttonàRunàType ‘Excel’ àenter.
Indicators:The spaces between two rows or two columns are
known as indicators. These indicators are used to increase or decrease the size
of a row or a column.
Title bar:It consists name of the software and the name
of the workbook you are operating.
Standard
tool bar:It consists
various short cut buttons by using which we can do the quick operation.
Menu
bar:It consists various
menus by using which we can do a lot of operation.
Formatting
tool bar:It consists
various buttons by using which we can design the worksheet.
Formula
bar:This bar is used to
operate various formulas in worksheet.
Horizontal
and Vertical scroll bar:These
bars are used to scroll the worksheet right and lift and up and down.
Status
bar:This bar will display
the complete status of the worksheet and the operation. This is done on the
worksheet.
How
to write a formula:
Place on equal to sign in the cell in which
you want to set the calculation. Then start bracket and place cell address
along with the arithmetic operation and close the bracket. Then press enter to
get the result.
EX: -
=sum (A1:A5)
Student
Mark List
|
SL NO
|
STUDENTS NAME
|
ENG
|
MATH
|
MIL
|
SCIENCE
|
SOCIAL
|
COMP
|
TOTAL
|
AVG
|
DIV
|
|
1
|
SRINU
|
45
|
90
|
75
|
85
|
67
|
65
|
427
|
71.17
|
1st div
|
|
2
|
CHAITU
|
42
|
85
|
50
|
61
|
55
|
48
|
341
|
56.83
|
2nddiv
|
|
3
|
CHIRU
|
42
|
85
|
67
|
74
|
84
|
38
|
390
|
65.00
|
1st div
|
|
4
|
DEEPU
|
49
|
87
|
79
|
78
|
65
|
43
|
401
|
66.83
|
1st div
|
|
5
|
ANIVESH
|
35
|
90
|
37
|
40
|
49
|
43
|
294
|
49.00
|
3rd div
|
TOTAL: - Add all Subjects i.e. fx: =SUM(num1,num2…) (Drag All Subjects) à Enter./Autosum
AVG: - fx: =K5(tot)/ 6(no of subjects) à Enter
DIVISION: - fx: =IF(AVG>60,"1ST DIV",IF(AVG>50,"2ND
DIV",IF(AVG>35,"3RD DIV",IF(AVG<35,"FAIL"))))
à Enter.
EX:-=IF(N11>60,"1st
div",IF(N11>50,"2nddiv",IF(N11>35,"3rddiv",IF(N11<35,"fall"))))
|
EMP CODE
|
EMPLOYEE NAME
|
NWD
|
RPD
|
BASIC SAL
|
HRA 12.5%
|
TA 10%
|
GROSS SAL
|
PF 5%
|
ESI 2.5%
|
DED
|
NET SAL
|
|
1001
|
SRINU
|
27
|
350
|
9450.0
|
1181.3
|
945.0
|
11576.3
|
472.5
|
236.3
|
708.8
|
10867.5
|
|
1002
|
CHAITU
|
24
|
400
|
9600.0
|
1200.0
|
960.0
|
11760.0
|
480.0
|
240.0
|
720.0
|
11040.0
|
|
1003
|
CHIRU
|
26
|
250
|
6500.0
|
812.5
|
650.0
|
7962.5
|
325.0
|
162.5
|
487.5
|
7475.0
|
|
1004
|
DEEPU
|
28
|
450
|
12600.0
|
1575.0
|
1260.0
|
15435.0
|
630.0
|
315.0
|
945.0
|
14490.0
|
|
1005
|
ANIVESH
|
25
|
500
|
12500.0
|
1562.5
|
1250.0
|
15312.5
|
625.0
|
312.5
|
937.5
|
14375.0
|
Employees
Salary List
Basic Salary:- =No of
Working Days X Rate per Day àEnter. Ex:- =E20*F20
House Rent Allowance:- = Basic salary X HRA % àEnter. Ex:-
=G20*12.5/100.
Travellance Allowance:- =Basic salary X TA % àEnter. Ex:-
=G20*10/100.
Gross Salary:- =Sum(Basic salary+HRA+DA) àEnter. Ex:-
=Sum(G20+H20+I20)
Proudest Fund:- =Basic salary*PF % àEnter. Ex:-
=G20*5/100.
Deduction Amount:- =Sum(PF+ESI) àEnter. Ex:- =Sum(K20+L20).
Net Salary:- =Gross salary-DeductionàEnter or
=Gross salary - (PF+ESI)àEnter. Ex:- =J20 – (K20+L20).
Simple Interest
|
PRINCIPAL
|
2000
|
|
RATE
|
3
|
|
TIME
|
7
|
|
S.I
|
420
|
Simple Interest:
=Principle*Rate*Time/100
Ex: =G48*G49*G50/100àEnter.
Sales Chart
|
Items
|
|
Amount
|
|
Text Books
|
|
1000
|
|
NoteBooks
|
|
800
|
|
Pens
|
|
1200
|
|
Pencils
|
|
500
|
|
Eraser
|
|
300
|
|
Menders
|
|
400
|
0
Sales Chart: Go to
InsertàChoose which you wantàclick Nextàclick on ColumnsàNextàGive series names i.e Title, X axis & Y axisàNextàFinish.
3. FUNCTIONS
Functions are Pre-Determined formulas. It is also called Calculate
Engine. There are 3 functions.
1. Math &
Trigonometric Functions.
2. Statistical Functions.
3. Text Functions.
Math & Trigonometric functions
|
20
|
|
30
|
|
|
|
40
|
|
|
|
50
|
|
2
|
1. ABS ( ):- This option is used to return the absolute
value of a given no. The absolute value is the value or No without its Sign.i.e
(+ or -)
Syntax: - =ABS(No)
|
Salary
|
|
1000
|
|
4000
|
|
3500
|
|
2800
|
|
5000
|
|
4
|
Ex: - =ABS(-123) or (+123) =123
2. Countblank ( ):- It counts the blank cells within a given cell
range.
Syntax: - =Countblank(Range)
Ex: - =Countblank(E99:E104)
Select All itemsàEnter.
3. Countif ( ):- it contains
the cells which meet the given area.
Syntex: - =Countif (Range, “Criteria”)
Ex: - =Countif(Range,">1000")
4.
EXP ( ):- It returns
to raised the power of number. Natural logarithms are based on the constant
e(2.71828182845904).
Syntax:-=Exp (No)-Number is the exponent applied to the base e.
Remarks: To calculate powers of other bases, use the
exponentiation operator (^). EXP is the inverse of LN, the natural Logarithm of
Number.
Ex:- =exp(1) is equals to 2.718282.
5. INT ( ):- It rounds a number down to
the nearest integer.
Syntax:- =Int(No)- It
is the real number you want to round down to an integer.
Ex:- =Int(5. 5) is
equals to 5.
=Int(-5..5) is equals to -6.
6. MOD ( ):- It returns the remainder
after dividing the number by a divisor. The result has the same sign as
divisor.
Syntax:- =Mod(number,
divisor)
Number is the number
for which you want to find the remember, divisor is the number by which you
want to divide number, it divisor is O, mod returns the # div 10 error value.
Ex:-=Mod(5,4) is
equals to 1.
=Mod(5,-4) is equals to -3.
7. SQRT( ):- It returns a positive square
root.
Syntax:- =SQRT(number).
Ex:-=SQRT(25) is
equals to 5.
Number is the number
for which you want the square root. If number is negatives, SQRT returns the
#num error value.
8. SUM:- It returns the sum of the number
in the list of arguments. You can provide maximum 30 arguments sum functions.
Syntax:-=Sum(number1,number2,…..)
Ex:-=Sum(1,2,3,4,5)
is equals to 15.
9. SUMIF( ):- It adds the cells specified
by given criteria.
Syntax:-
=Sumif(range,criteria,sum_range)
Ex:-=Sumif(A1:A5,">1000",B1:B5).
Result is 85.
10. FACT( ):- It returns the factorial of a
number, the factorial of a number is equals to [1*2*3*4….*]
Syntax:-
=Fact(number). Number is the non-negative number you want the factorial of a
number is not an integer. It is truncated.
Ex:-=Fact (5) is
equals to 120.
11.POWER( ):- It returns the result of a
number raised to a power.
Syntax:- =Power(number,
power)
Number is the base
number it can be any real number, power is the exponent to which the base
number is raised.
Ex:- =Power(5,2) is
equals to 25.
12.ROUND( ):-Rounds a number to a
specified number of digits. Number is the number which you want to round.
Num-digits specified the number of digits to which you want to round number.
Syntax:- =Round(number,
num-digits)
Ex:- =Round(2.565,1)
is equals to 2.6
=Round(-2.565,2) is equals to -2.57.
=Round(21.50,-1) is equals to 20.
13.SIGN( ):- It determines the sign of a
number returns 1 if the number is positive, zero(0) if the number is 0, and -1
if the number is negative.
Syntax:-=Sign(number)
Ex:- =Sign(10) is
equals to 1.
=Sign(2-2) is equals to 0.
Statistical Functions
1. Average( ):- It returns the average
value of the arguments. You can provide maximum 30 number of arguments.
Syntax:=Average(no1,no2…)
Ex: =Average(A1:A5)
2. Count( ):- It counts the number of
cells that contain numbers within the arguments. Use count to get the numbers
of entries in a number field in a range or array of numbers.
Syntax:
=Count(val1,val2…)
3. Max( ):- It returns the largest value
in a list of arguments.
Syntax: =Max(no1,
no2…)
4. Min( ):- It returns the smallest value
in the list of arguments.
Syntax: =Min(no1,
no2…)
Text Functions
1.Char( ):- It returns the character
specified by the code number. Number is between to 255.
Syntax: Char(number)
Ex: =Char(65) is equals to “A”
2.Code( ):- It returns a numeric code for
the first character in a text string.
Syntax: Code(text)
Ex: =Code(“A”) is
equals to 65.
3. Exact( ):- Compares two text string and
returns true if they are exactly same, false otherwise.
Syntax: Exact(text1,
text2)
Ex:
=Exact(“TECHNOSOFT”, “TECHNOSOFT”) is True.
=Exact(“TECHNOSOFT”, “technosoft”) is False.
4. Left( ):- It returns the first or left
most character or characters in a text string.
Syntax: Left(text,
num-char)
Ex:
=Left(“Technosoft”,4) is equals ‘Tech’.
5. Right( ):- It returns the last or right
most character or characters in a text string.
Syntax:
Right(text,num-char)
Ex:
=Right(“Technosoft”,4) is equals ‘soft’
6. Mid( ):- It returns a specific number
of character from a text string.
Syntax:
Mid(text,start-num,num-char)
Ex:
=Mid(“Technosoft”,3,4) is equals- ‘ chno’
7. Len( ):- It returns the number of
character in a text string.
Syntax: Len(text)
Ex: =Len(“Technosoft”)
is equals 10.
8. Proper( ):- Capitalizes the first
letter in a text and any other letter in text that follow any character other
than a letter converts of other letters to lowercase.
Syntax: Proper(text)
Ex:
=Proper(“TechNosofT”) is equals ‘Technosoft’
9. Lower( ):- It converts all uppercase
letters in a text string to lower case.
Syntax: Lower(text)
Ex:
=Lower(“TECHNOSOFT”) is equals ‘technosoft’
10. Upper( ):- It converts all lowercase
letters in a text string to uppercase.
Syntax: Upper(text)
Ex: =Upper(“technosoft”)
is equals ‘TECHNOSOFT’
11.Rept( ):- It repeats the text to a
given number of times.
Syntax:
Rept(text,number-times)
Ex: =Rept(“T”,5) is
equals ‘TTTTT’
12. Concatenate( ):- It joint several text
strings into one text string.
Syntax: Concatenate
(text1,text2…)
Ex:
=Concatenate(“Technosoft”, “Solutions”) is equals ‘TechnosoftSolutions’.
Menu Bar
File
(Alt+F):
New
(Ctrl+N): This option is used
to create a new work book. It allows the used to operate new work book.
àClick on fileàclick on newàclick on blank
work book.
Open
(Ctrl+O): This option is used
to open an existing workbook.
Save
(Ctrl+S): This option is used
to store the workbook in a particular name.
Close
(Alt+F4): This option is used
to close the active worksheet.
Save
As: This option is used to
create duplicate of active workbook.
Save
as web page: This option is
used to save a sheet like a web page in used to save.
Save
workspace: This option is
used to save any location of the sheet in a particular name. It helps in
operating the work sheet in various names.
Web
page preview: This feature is
used to view the preview of the web page of the active worksheet.
Page
setup: This option is used to
set the work sheet in different size of papers in different directions of
printing purpose. Here used can set paper size.
àPrint volume
àPrint pattern
àGridlines
àHeader and
footer
Page:
This feature is used for
paper setting.
Margin:
It is used to set top,
bottom, left, and right margin. It is also used to set alignment for printing
on the page for alignment (adjusting) text we have to click on horizontal and
vertical check button.
Header
and Footer: This option is
used to set head note and foot note to the various pages of the worksheet.
Sheet: It is used to set print quality line to be
repeat. Print area, gridlines, pattern of printing etc.
Print
Area: This option is used to
set the required portion, which you want to print.
Print
preview: This option is used
to view the preview of the pages which you want to print the print preview,
window contains following buttons.
Print
(Ctrl+P): It is used to print
various pages of the worksheet here we can set page to be print and the number
of copies.
Send
To: It is used to maintain
complete description or data about the workbook (i.e. author name, purpose, time etc.)
Exit: This option is used to close the active work
book.
Edit
(Alt+E):
Undo
(Ctrl+Z): To recall the
previous action.
Redo
(Ctrl+Y): To repeat the
action called by redo.
Cut
(Ctrl+X): To cut the contents
in selected cells.
Copy
(Ctrl+C): It is used to
create the duplicate of selected cells.
Paste
(Ctrl+V): It is used to paste
the cut or copied paste at required point of the worksheet.
Paste
Special: This option is used
to some features while pasting the selected calls. It allows the used to use to
features like:
àPaste only
values
àPaste only
format.
àPaste only
formula etc.
Fill: This option is used to fill contents in the
selected cells in required number of selected cells.
Clear:
This option is used to clear.
Delete: To delete the selected contents form the
sheet.
Delete
sheet: This option is used to
delete the active sheets entirely from the workbook.
Move
or copy sheet: This option is
used to move the work sheet in a work book or to create the copy of the
required worksheet.
Find
(Ctrl+F): It is used to find
the deleted contents from worksheet.
Replace
(Ctrl+H): It is used to
replace the fine word with another word.
Go
to (Ctrl+G): It is used to
move the cursor pointer to the required all address it.
View
(Alt+V):
Normal: This is the normal presentation of a work
sheet by MS Excel. This view is suitable for designing.
Page
break preview: This view is
suitable for designing a particular page in to required number of pages. It
helps to break work sheet in to the required number of pages.
Tool
bars: it is used to hide or display the formula bar
in the formula bar in the screen.
Formula Bar: It is used to hide or display the formula
bar in the screen.
Status bar: It is used to hide or display the status bar
in the screen.
Header & Footer: This option is
used to provide head notes and footnotes to the various pages of worksheet.
Comments: This option is used to view the comments
given through the insert menu.
Full Screen: It is used to display the worksheet entirely
on the screen by hiding all it toolbars.
Custom view: This option is used to view a particular
portion of the document as per the need hence it helps to save the particular
document and particular name.
àTo remove the
portion clicks on delete.
Zoom: This option is used to increase or decrease
the display made of MS Excel.
Insert
(Alt+I):
Cell: It is used to insert a blank cell any point
of the worksheet.
Row
and column: These options are
used to insert a blank row or column at the required point of the worksheet.
Insert
work sheet: This option is
used to insert a blank worksheet.
Page
Break: This option is used to
set page break at required point of the worksheet this can be done in page
break preview it is also used to remove the existing page breaks on the
worksheet.
Comment: This option is used to provide comment on the
contents in any cell.
Pictures:
This option is used to insert clipart, picture
files from other files on the worksheet.
Chart: This is an important feature contained by MS
Excel this feature is used to present the numerical data in diagrammatic from.
Hence we can present the data in different type of graphs.
àThis Excel can
operate 32 varieties of graphs to present the numeric data in a worksheet from
this feature allow single, double or multi data to present in a graphic mode.
àFirst select
the data, which one do you want to present in graphs (excluding headings)
àThen Alt+I or
insert menu from menu bar and then click on chart.
àNow you will
get a chart designing dialog box as shown.
In this box you have to select the required
type of chart along with its design.
It displays the following types of charts.
1) Bar chart
2) Line chart
3) Pie chart
4) Column chart
àAfter
selecting the required chart click on next. Now you will get chart on the
dialog box here we have to choose series feature to set the required data
indicators on the legend.
1) Title: This feature is used to set chart-heading
X-axis, Y-axis.
2) Gridlines: This feature is used or set gridlines on the
background of the chart the gridlines may be major or minor.
3) Access: This feature is used to set data on the graph
for clear presentation.
4) Legend: This is used to set the position of legend on
the chart.
5) Date
Labels: This feature is used
to set data on the graph for clear presentation.
6) Data
Tables: This feature is used
to attach the data table with the graph.
àAfter making
all the above adjustments click on next, now you will get another dialog box,
you have to set the shot on which you want in place the graph then click on
finish to get the graph.
Format
(Alt+O):
Cell
Formatting: In MS –Excel you
can design the cells as per the requirement. Excel provides a lot of features
by using, which we can design, aligns and we can set the format to be operated
in a cell. At first select the cells the contents of which you want to design
and then follow the steps to design those contents.
Cells: This option consists the various features as
follows:
1) Number: This feature is used to set different format
for number written in a cell. Here we can convert dolor in currency value.
2) Alignment: This feature is used in alignment the
contents in selected cell.
3) Font
: This feature is used to
design the contain in selected cells
Border: This feature is used to set border lines in
the selected cells of the worksheet.
Patterns: This feature is used to set background colors
to the selected cells.
Protection: it is used to lock worksheet through
protection.
Conditional
Formatting: This is another
import tool of MS Excel to operate financial data by setting different format
to different cell basin on the financial information.
Row: This option is used to set the height of the
row. It is used to hide or unhide the selected rows in a worksheet.
Column: This option is also used to adjust the column
width and for hide or unhide the selected columns from worksheet.
Sheet: This option is used to change the name of a
worksheet and the back ground. It is also used to hide or unhide the selected
sheet. It consists thefollowingfeatures.
Rename: It is used to change the name of the worksheet.
Rename: It is used to change the name of the worksheet.
Hide: It is used to hide the active worksheet.
Background: It is used to change the
background of the worksheet.
Tab
Colors: It is used to change
the background color of active worksheet name.
Auto
Format: This option is used
to set a redesign designing to the selected of the worksheet.
Style: This option is used to set the format of each
and very cell of the worksheet.
àHere we can
set the format style, size, color, alignment and borders settings to the
carious cells of a sheet.
Tools
(Alt+T):
Spelling: It is used to set the spelling and grammar
mistakes in a worksheet.
Research: This option is used to search for the meaning
of any word form the available dictionary in the system.
Error
check: This option detects
the errors in executing a formula in a worksheet.
àWhen we click
on this option it will provide two options for checking the error. They are:
1) Automatic
update: Here excel
automatically sets the formula to calculate the value.
2) Edit
Formula: Here the user has to
change or set the formula to calculate the value.
Speech: This option is used to record the speech of
the user in relation to any statement designed in the excel. This speech can be
delivered at any time while presenting the statement.
Shared
Workbook: This option is used
to share the worksheet through internet or network. Once we share any worksheet
that can he operated in any location in a particular network.
Shared
worksheet: This option is
used to open the shared document from any location in a particular network or
form the internet.
Track
changes: This option is used
to set the automatically for operating a particular document or worksheet,
which is in sharing. Here we can set name, area to be operated by the user.
Compare
and merge worksheets: This
feature is used to add or compare the data shared in two worksheets or
workbooks. But here the fields in those worksheets must be same, must consists
similar type of data.
Protection:
This option is used to
protect the operation of worksheet by giving a password. This protection can be
done indifferent level like.
Online
collaboration: This option is
used to execute a worksheet through internet,
Formula
Auditing: This option is used
to audit various formulas used in a worksheet. It will display the path of a
formula and an error message where the formula is wrongly executed. It consists
some auditing tools by using which user can trace or erase the formula.
Goal
Seek: Typically we calculate
formulas by supplying input values and then asking excel to calculate the
formulas result with a data table. You can work the other way, or the reverse.
You can supply a formula. The result you want it to return and then all of the
input values, except for the one excel calculates for you. In effect excel
works backward from the calculation result to get one of your inputs. Excel
does the same thing with the help of goal seek.
Goal seek saves you from performing time-
consuming trial and error analysis to seek a specific solution to a formula.
Let us take an example: we want to get 65%
marks in examination. Total 6 subjects are there. Five subjects marks are known
and the 6th subject mark is not known. Though we know the result of
the calculation we can set one input value by Goal Seek.
Goal Seek
|
SUBJECTS
|
MARKS
|
|
ENG
|
45
|
|
MATH
|
76
|
|
MIL
|
83
|
|
SCIENCE
|
98
|
|
SOCIAL
|
|
|
COMP
|
65
|
|
TOTAL
|
367
|
|
AVG
|
61.17
|
Average: Click on AVG i.e. G42à go to toolsàgoal seekàclick on To
valueàgive percentage(%)àselect By changing cellàclick on blank
cell ex: “Social”àthen OK.
Scenarios:
In Microsoft Excel, you can
create and save sets of input values that produce different results as
Scenarios. A scenario is a group of input values called changing cells saved
with a name you provide. Each set of changing cells represents a set of what if
assumption that you can apply to a work book model to see the effects on other
parts of the model. You can define unto 32 changing cells per Scenario.
Creating
a Scenario:
Simple Interest
|
PRINCIPAL
|
2000
|
|
RATE
|
3
|
|
TIME
|
7
|
|
S.I
|
420
|
Simple Interest: =Principle*Rate*Time/100
Ex: =G48*G49*G50/100àEnter.
Scenarios: Go to ToolsàScenariosàClick on AddàGive scenarios name i.e. Principal, Rate or TimeàClick on changing cellàselect
principle, rate or time i.e. G50, G51 or G52àClick OKàGive amountàOKàSelect the amountàClick on Show
button.
Macro: This option is used to record some keystrokes
in particular name. These keystrokes can be executed on any sheet of that
particular workbook.
Add-Ins: This option is used to add some additional
features to the worksheet for executing the financial data in more affective
manner. Once we activate these features relating to particular software then it
can able to execute the data from the software.
Data
(Alt+D):
Sort: To arrange the records in either ascending or
descending order of a field is called sorting.
àClick on the
pointer on the column, on which you want to sort the list.
àClick on the
sort button on the standard tool bar, there are two buttons. One is ascending
button, which sorts in alphabetical order and next is descending order button,
which sorts in reverse alphabetical order. Excel does not include the header
row for sorting. If you select a range of cells within the list, Excel with
only sort the selected range.
Table:-It is the multiplication of table.
Select the Dataà go to on Dataà click on
Tableà click Row input cell ex: $A$1à click on Column input cell ex: $A$2à click OK
button.
Filter:-Excel ha another records on criteria that à dataàfilteràClick on Auto filter.
Table
|
1
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1
|
1
|
2
|
3
|
4
|
5
|
|
1
|
1
|
2
|
3
|
4
|
5
|
|
2
|
2
|
4
|
6
|
8
|
10
|
|
3
|
3
|
6
|
9
|
12
|
15
|
|
4
|
4
|
8
|
12
|
16
|
20
|
|
5
|
5
|
10
|
15
|
20
|
25
|
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